Rise of Jin and the War of the Eight Princes DOCUMENTARY - Phụ đề song ngữ
China's chaotic era between the fall of the Han Dynasty in the early 200s and the rise
of the Sui and Tang is widely known for the Three Kingdoms period.
However, it wasn't the only period of strife during those days.
deadly centuries of division.
A generation after the exploits of Tzau Tzau,
Liu Bei,
and-Sir,
politics in the Wei Empire set events into motion which would eventually lead to another series of devastating wars,
the so-called War of the Eight Princess.
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After their establishment and solidification in the early 3rd century,
with such battles as Guandu and Red Cliffs, the three kingdoms of Shu, Wu and Wei, gradually began an inexorable decline.
The kingdoms fought against each other and external foes.
but most damaging was their internal strife and political corruption.
Labyrinthine intrigues and maneuverings were occurring in the Wei Kingdom, which was the most powerful of China's three kingdoms in the early 200s.
By the third decade of the third century,
tension was beginning to mount between the Imperial Tsao clan and the aristocratic Sima clan,
which had been one of the great land-owning noble families of the Old Han Empire.
In 249,
Sima Yi, one of Wei's leading generals, statesman and regent to the emperor, launched a coup against his co-regent and gained control over Wei.
continued to increase over the puppetsau emperors for a decade,
with Yi passing away in 251 to be replaced as regent by his eldest son, Simashe.
When he then suddenly died in 255, a younger brother known as Sima Zhao took the position.
In 260, the Wei emperor Zhao Mao launched a counter-coup, but this attempt was crushed and he was killed.
While another puppet emperor was installed in the aftermath,
Zhao's generals, Dengai and Zhongwei conquered the Shu kingdom, and in 264, Zhao was granted the title King of Jin.
The regent passed away on September 6th to 265,
and was succeeded by his own eldest son,
Sima Yan, who unceremoniously took the final steps to replace the Wei dynasty with his own, just as the Wei had essentially replaced the Han.
The final emperor of Wei, Cao Huan, was forced to abdicate the throne in 266, and was succeeded by his succeeded by Jan himself.
He was crowned as Emperor of Jin, but would be best known as his posthumous title, Emperor Wu.
Compared to his predecessors in this turbulent age, the almost quarter century long reign of Wu was a stable and much needed one.
However, it was a reign that seeded problems which would in time topple this new Jin dynasty.
We need to go into the differences in how the different dynasties managed their imperial family members and how this impacted future events.
Han and Wei emperors had mostly kept their relatives away from power, giving them empty titles and sending them away.
This stopped impugent relatives from challenging authority, but also isolated emperors from their natural allies.
This meant that if the ruler was a child, or was otherwise incapable of ruling, a power vacuum would open for an outsider to fill.
For way,
this system had caused the vacuum which had allowed the Sima clan to seize power,
and so Emperor Wu decided to extensively involve his family in running the island.
27 of his male family members were given the title of Prince,
and appointed to rule over provincial territories as nominal vassals, and now they had actual authority over their new lands.
Wu gave them some say in appointments to their thieves,
the right to have a guard, and permission to collect taxes and stay in the capital of Luoyang if they wanted.
The princes being in the capital and having influenced their gave them influence over the imperial throne,
and therefore potentially immense political power over the state.
The emperor began to grant his princely relatives important commissions at court, and even appointed them to command armies in the field.
Wu this policy of empowering his family members would provide stability for his There was also the succession to consider.
Emperor Wu had nine sons who survived to adulthood.
The two most important were Sima Zhang, born in 259, and Sima Jan in 262 to Empress Yang Yang.
However, the emperors died in 274 and was replaced as the emperor's consort by Yang Ji, a daughter of an influential advisor Yang Jun.
In order to stick with tradition,
Emperor Wu chose as heir his eldest son, Sima Zhang, who was probably developmentally disabled, a fact which was to have destructive consequences.
Imperial advisors worriedly counseled the emperor against this action,
but Wu initially ignored this advice and prepared his son for the imperial throne by arranging his son's marriage to Jia Nanfang,
a member of a family which had played a key role in bringing the Sima clan to power.
Her reputation as a scheming, petty and ruthless woman is probably propaganda, and it's more probable that Nanfang was simply evil.
from an incredibly important family, and because of this, she managed to get away with murder.
Nevertheless, the Emperor eventually began to express concern about Sima Zhang's disabilities, and often wrote to his son in order to test his responses.
It was actually Nan Fung who responded in place of her husband, impersonating the handicapped air and impressing the emperor who was now reassured.
As Emperor Wu had declined in health by 289,
he began to consider who walked to act as regent to his heir after he died,
and eventually selected two men to act as co-regent.
These men were the aforementioned Yang Zhen, and one of the Sima Princess Liang, the of Roonan.
However, this joint appointment only served to force each man to start plotting.
The Prince of Roonan was due to leave the capital in order to take up his appointment as military governor in Shuchang,
when the emperor made his decision, and the ailing to not leave.
Unfortunately, these orders never reached the Prince, as they were intercepted by Yang Jun, and so the Prince departed the city.
Because of this,
Sima Liang never realised that he was to become the co-regent, and Yang Jun also tampered with the late Emperor's will to exclude him.
The founder of the Jin Dynasty died in 290 at the age of 55 and was succeeded by Crown Prince Sima Zhong,
who ascended to the Dragon Throne as Quay of Jin.
However, tensions between the two rivals still hadn't abated, and Liang therefore refused to attend the morning ceremonies in fear of Yang Jun.
Eventually fearing for his life, the prince of Roonan fled to Xu Zhang, leaving control to Yang Jun.
The regent and his daughter, the Empress Dowager, now had great influence on Emperor Wei, and governed in a severe manner, alienating the court.
Naturally, Empress Jia wasn't in there.
her relatively powerless state either, and she began to conspire with others against Jun.
The plotters first went to Shu Chang in order to ask Liang for assistance, but he was still too afraid and refused.
After this, they went to seek help from the powerful Prince of Chu seem away.
He was the fifth son of Emperor Wu, viewed as a brave warrior.
On April 5th, 291, Wei entered the capital with his army.
The Empress had her disabled husband firmly under control,
and she had him issue an edict accusing Yang Jun of treason and ordered Sima Wei to deal with him.
Sima Wei crushed the region's forces.
with ease, Jun was killed and his clan massacred, with the death toll reaching several thousand.
The Empress was now the real ruler,
and Sima Liang was summoned to Loyang in order to serve as joint regent, owing to his keen understanding of governance.
This could have been the end of it,
but the Prince of Roonan began to alienate his fellow nobles by distributing overly extravagant rewards for Yang Jun's execution,
and even began to monopolize power.
He was warned against this course of action, but ignored the council.
Liang finally overstepped his bounds when he tried to remove the Prince of Chu's military authority, citing Wei's violent character.
Wei subsequently allied with Empress Jia, who forged an imperial edict accusing Liang of treason, and soon Sima Liang was executed.
It was now Sima Wei's turn to become a target of the Empress,
who was worried that the Prince would use his power to use She commanded that a message be sent out to the various armies nominally under way's command,
accusing him of forging the edict which had led to Simelyang's execution, and warning them that they should no longer obey his orders.
The soldiers all immediately cast down their weapons and deserted the Prince of Chew.
Wei captured, handed over, and finally executed on July 26th, 291.
Jazz had worked wonders so far, and the path to complete control was almost open, but there was a further obstacle.
Seema Yu,
who was the son of Emperor Wei and a concubine,
This would have been bad enough,
but you was also the heir to the Empire due to the fact that Empress Jia had been unable to bear a son.
In order to get you out of the way,
Jia summoned him to the palace and then refused to see him,
instead having a servant girl bring the crown prince three litres of wine to drink.
You naturally declined this offer, and stated that it would be impossible to drink all of the given wine.
The servant then revealed that this wine was a gift from Emperor Hui,
saying that refusing such a gift would be a breach of Confucian principle.
With little other choice, you forced himself to drink all of the wine and predictably became incredibly drunk as a result.
The air was then coerced into copying a treasonous letter in his own words,
essentially insinuating that he was about to overthrow his father and the court.
Because of his paralytic state, you did not realize what it was he was writing.
In a somewhat amusing revelation,
it seems that he was so drunk that many of the letters were incomplete,
and Empress Jia had to complete them herself before showing Emperor Hui the document.
The additions by Jia had made it rather obvious the letter was a forgery, but nobody dared to speak out against her.
However, Emperor Hui refused.
one, and instead had him demoted to the status of commoner.
Another of the eight princes emerges at this point, Simalun, or the Prince of Jao.
He had formally been one of the Empress's close confidants, and was also general of the right army.
The deposition of Crown Prince Yu in Gentiles.
a significant amount of anger at the court,
and yet another conspiracy began to emerge around Sima Lun,
who was advised that the Crown Prince might despise him, even if Lun assisted his return to Imperial status.
So, he suggested to the Emperor that you still posed a threat to her authority, and might even expose her if left alone.
On this advice, the Empress killed her stepson by sending assassins after him.
However, she was then finally betrayed in turn by the Prince of Zhao, who accused her of treason and murder for the act.
When agents were sent to arrest the Empress, she asked who was responsible.
She was told, and responded that, when binding a dog, you must bind it by the neck.
If you bind it by the tail, what else could happen but this?
She was eventually forced to kill herself.
The Empress' family and supporters were all killed, and the Emperor was even placed under house arrest.
Seymour Lund declared himself the Emperor, leading to an intermittent civil war among the remaining princes.
Because the Jin princes were busy ripping their own empire to pieces,
they needed soldiers to fight their wars and turned to the many nomadic peoples of the Eastern steppe to provide
the manpower in order to do so.
According to the Chinese sources,
they were apparently treated like slaves by the Jin dynasty,
and because of this treatment,
in addition to ever-decreasing Chinese strength due to civil war,
the various nomadic peoples began to revolt in the northern regions and formed their own states, essentially splitting the Jin's northern territory away.
by 311.
In the same year,
the people known as the Wu Hu managed to sack the Jin capital of Luoyang,
kill the Jin Crown Prince, a score of valuable officials and around 30,000 civilians.
This moment is seen as the final nail in the coffin of the Greater Western Jin Dynasty beginning of the Eastern Jin.
In a wider sense,
the chaos in northern China led to mass migrations of Han Chinese south of the Hui River,
and an era of fragmentation which lasted for almost another century.
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