Learn phrasal verbs the easy way | Part 1 | Canguro English - バイリンガル字幕
Have a look at this painting by the Ukrainian artist, Oleg Schupliak.
What do you see?
Do you see the face of a man?
Or do you see somebody painting a cottage?
And which one is correct?
Or are both correct?
It depends on your perspective.
In linguistics, the idea that one word can have multiple meanings is called polycemia.
and understanding and accepting that words can have multiple meanings and all of those
meanings are correct depending on your perspective is the key to understanding English phrasal And also chocolate biscuits.
Hello and welcome to Kangaroo English, I'm Christian.
And today I am going to show you how to really understand and learn English phrasal verbs.
Phrasal verbs are one of the most frustrating and difficult things in the English language.
Their meanings seem completely arbitrary and random and a traditional teaching method would
tell you that you have to look at this phrasal verb which means this and memorize it and repeat and repeat.
But what if I told you that actually English phrasal verbs do have a deeper logic,
a deeper meaning, and once you understand this logic behind phrasal verbs, then learning them becomes really easy?
To help us, we need cognitive linguistics.
Cognitive linguistics is different from other studies of language because it tells us that the way that the human mind works shapes language,
the way that we see and experience the world has a direct the language that we use.
And studying phrasal verbs using cognitive linguistics has significant benefits.
Before we talk specifics, there are two very important concepts to understand.
The first one is perspective.
We can view events and situations in life from different perspectives.
For example, right now I am at a desk, in front of a camera, on a chair, in a on the planet Earth.
My situation hasn't changed, but the perspective from which you view my situation is different, and this affects the language we use.
The second concept is space.
Space, spatial awareness, and how we move through space is essential to the human experience.
We can move through space on a trajectory,
or we can be static in space, or we can be So, now you understand that phrasal verbs are not random and illogical.
And you also understand the concepts of perspective and space.
Now we can begin to look at the deeper meaning behind phrasal verbs.
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more particles.
Now, obviously the verb part is important, but really the most important part of phrasal verbs is the particles.
The particles can alter and change the meaning of the verb, and understanding the deeper meaning of these to understanding and learning phrasal verbs.
Now, to understand the particles, we need a special tool, something really powerful and unique.
chocolate biscuits.
First, let's look at the particle up.
The principal meaning of up is a movement through space in this direction.
The biscuit is moving up.
And this helps us to understand the basic verb and preposition combinations,
like for example, to pick up a or the biscuit goes up the mountain.
But this movement through space in this direction also helps us to understand the more abstract verbs which contain up.
Here on my plate I have one biscuit.
as I start to add biscuits, as I have a greater quantity of biscuits, you can see that the stack moves in this direction up.
So phrasal verbs which contain up can talk about a greater quantity of some So,
when I ask you to speak up, I'm asking you to increase the level of your voice.
But also, five biscuits is better than one biscuit.
So can also indicate that something is improving, something is better than before.
So, if I go out to a special occasion, maybe I will dress up.
I will dress up in improved, better clothes.
Up can also talk about orientation in space.
Look this packet of biscuits.
Would you say that it's up?
No, because this end is open.
So this is the top.
where you can access the biscuits.
So now, the packet of biscuits is up.
It's in the correct orientation.
It's ready for action.
It is prepared.
And from this idea, we get the phrasal verbs such as set up a business.
To put your business in the correct orientation, to be prepared.
or before you exercise you warm up.
You prepare your body for action.
Now a question for you.
How many biscuits do I have on this plate?
You don't know?
Well it's because you can't see them.
Let me bring them up.
Now can see I have three biscuits.
When I move something up, I bring it into your vision because remember the human experience, how we experience the world affects our language.
So when we bring something up, we make it through.
And now we can understand phrasal verbs like,
to go up to somebody at a party, so when you come closer to them, they can see you.
And also, when something is in our vision, we can start to know it, to understand it.
So coming up, seeing something, is a synonym for understanding.
And this helps us to understand phrasal verbs like look up a word in the dictionary or read up about the English language.
Now imagine that this is the last biscuit in the packet and you want to share it with You need to break it.
You need to break it up.
Do you see when we break something, when we destroy it, we have this natural upward direction?
And so, maybe if you don't share your biscuit with your girlfriend, she will break up with you.
And if she's really bad, maybe she will smash up your things.
To understand the final meaning of up, it's really important to use your perspective.
So, here I have four biscuits on a plate.
Now, imagine that.
I them all.
Now, my body, my stomach, is full.
I am full So,
from one perspective, you could say that this vessel, this container is full, which helps you to understand phrasal verbs like, to fill up.
But if we look at this perspective,
we can see that the biscuits are gone,
the plate is empty, it's the opposite meaning, and that helps you to understand phrasal verbs like use up.
up.
The battery in my phone is completely used up.
The next particle is down.
The principle meaning of down is a movement through space in this direction.
So for example, the biscuit is moving.
And this helps us to understand basic phrasal verbs like, to put down, or to fall down.
But what about the more abstract meanings?
Here I have my plate of biscuits.
words.
As I begin to eat them, they go down inside my body.
I eat them down.
But also you can see that as I eat them, we have a movement in this direction.
So phrasal verbs which contain down, talk about a reducer.
For example, to calm down or to cut down the amount of cigarettes that you smoke.
Down is inherently negative.
Remember that language reflects the human experience.
If I had four biscuits before and now I only have one biscuit because the quantity has reduced down,
then my situation is worse than before.
It's a deteriorated situation.
And that helps you to understand phrasal verbs like break down when your car or your washing machine doesn't work anymore like it used to.
Or when somebody disappoints you, they let you down.
Now let's talk about on.
On describes contact between two surfaces.
So here the biscuit is on the plate.
We have contact between the biscuit and the plate,
and this helps us to understand phrasal verbs like to put on clothes because the clothes are in contact with our bodies or to hold on
to something.
When our hands are in contact with another surface.
Now let's look at on from another perspective.
The biscuit is on the plate.
But imagine that the plate disappeared.
What would happen to the biscuit?
The plate is providing a type of support to hold the biscuit.
So phrasal verbs which contain on also talk about support, like when you depend on somebody.
Contact between two surfaces causes an effect.
For example, if I sit on the biscuit, the biscuit will probably break.
And this helps to understand why phrasal verbs containing on talk about effects,
for example,
to switch on the lights,
or if you are running in a race and I am cheering you on, come on, you can do it, I'm pushing you.
Movement is essential to the human experience.
Because cannot fly, whenever we move, we are always in contact with a surface.
But we don't just move through physical space.
We also move through time.
So, phrasal verbs which contain on can also talk about moving through time.
For carry on working, continue working through time into the future.
And also,
when I want you to think about something, Through time, in the future, why don't you think on that idea, reflect on that idea?
Now, imagine that you are with your group of friends and there's only one biscuit left.
You need to get your hand on the biscuit if you want This idea of capturing something,
of attacking something, also appears in phrasal verbs with on.
For example, bullies on people.
The particle is off.
On talks about contact between two surfaces.
But off is when we lose that contact.
And that helps you to understand phrasal verbs like come off.
I hope that this stain will come off my shirt.
Or to see off.
When somebody goes on a long journey, you lose contact, you see them off.
But also, this movement away, this distance, could be physical, but also abstract.
You can move away from a current condition.
Imagine that you are in a very bad position in your life.
But then your situation improves.
You can say, I am better off.
The distance from this original condition is growing.
Now finally let's switch perspective.
So imagine that you are the this biscuit is trying to make contact with you.
It's trying to get on you.
But you are fighting back.
You are keeping the biscuit off the plate.
This helps you to understand phrasal verbs like cut off, where you are maintaining that distance.
The next particle is in.
To describe in, first we need to define a container.
Now, the container could have very clear boundaries, like this cup.
Or the boundaries could be not so clear,
like a group of people, or a of The principle definition of in is when we have an external object moving or inside our container.
And it could be completely inside the container like this.
Or it could be sticking out of the top.
And they are both valid definitions of IN.
And this helps us to understand basic phrasal verbs within,
like, to stay in, to stay inside your house because you don't want to go out.
Or, if you have a form that you have to fill in, you are putting the information inside the boxes that are on the form.
In a more abstract sense, our mind is also a type of container.
We can put ideas and information here, and this helps you to understand phrasal verbs like to take in a story.
In can also be used to talk about including or adding something.
Imagine if I have one piece of biscuit inside my cup and then I add another one.
This biscuit is joining in.
I added in another biscuit.
Now what if we look at these two pieces of biscuit from a different perspective?
Imagine that you are inside the cup with these two biscuits, looking at them.
They are inside the cup.
And this idea of being inside the container joined helps you to understand phrasal verbs like to keep in touch.
The final particle we're going to study is out, and again we have to define a container.
So, it could be a container with clear boundaries, like this cup, or something more abstract.
And the principle definition of out is the idea that something is not in the container, not in situ, absent from the container.
And this helps us to understand basic phrasal verbs like to go.
But if the container is more abstract,
it helps us to understand phrasal verbs like to stretch out where the container normally is my body in this sphere and I'm stretching
out of my container.
Now, if all of the biscuits are out, then that means that there are no biscuits left.
There is an absence of biscuits.
And this helps you to understand phrasal verbs like, sell out, or re-re Now let's switch perspectives.
Imagine that you are inside this empty cup and this biscuit is trying to get in,
but you are inside blocking it, preventing it, keeping it out.
Then this helps you to understand phrasal verbs like block out or cross out.
Now, I want you to continue imagining that you are inside this cup and out we have this biscuit.
Can you see it from inside the cup?
No.
It is out of your vision, out of your knowledge.
So phrasal verbs that talk about out can also mean that there's something that you don't know that you need to discover.
Phrasal verbs, for example, like find.
Well, I hope that now you understand not only about phrasal verbs, but also about how we experience the world as humans.
Language can teach us so much about who we are.
It's powerful and incredible.
If you would like to see any more videos about the English language, then don't forget to subscribe.
I'm Christian, this is Kangaroo English and I'll see you in the class.
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