The ONLY way we learn language. (Advice From A Polyglot Legend) - バイリンガル字幕
We acquire language in one way and only one way when we understand messages.
We this comprehensible input.
Boom!
That man is Stephen Krashen.
That...
man is the father of comprehensible input as we know it today.
He has done more work on language acquisition in his life than probably almost anybody.
And so when he speaks, we listen.
We don't try to say anything.
This was actually a to me because most of the techniques that I've seen start encouraging you to speak fairly early.
Don't try to say anything.
We don't force it unless we think we're ready.
We just wait, we just listen, and then it comes.
To that,
I've been watching hours and hours of his talks over the last week or two and I thought
wouldn't it be great to share some of the knowledge that I've been gaining from watching Dr.
Krashen?
What better way to do that than to create a mashup of his videos and just react to them and add my own little anecdotes.
But mostly let you hear all about comprehensible input from the doctor himself.
If a student isn't motivated, if self-esteem is low, if is high, he may understand the input, but it won't penetrate.
It won't reach those parts of the brain that do language acquisition.
A block keeps it out.
Yeah, if you are struggling with your self-esteem and believing that you can even learn the language,
I've been there where I've started to doubt whether I'm even capable of learning a language.
The big takeaway I had from that section is really just to make sure and keep an eye on my
environment and my state of mind when I'm actually learning.
So yeah, let's carry on.
I didn't go home and study Spanish.
I didn't try to talk to people and get my errors corrected.
I didn't make flashcards in vocabulary.
I did it through reading interesting books that were comprehensible and not just interesting but compelling,
very interesting, where you really want to know what's going to happen next.
So yeah,
this part I also found very interesting and I have found a lot of challenge because my Spanish level is actually still quite low.
It's really hard to find good reading material.
I found a that I cited years ago.
The amount of just plain socializing and speaking English was not a predictor.
The amount of pleasure reading was this.
I love the lightning in the eyes.
And that's probably the biggest thing that I've learned so far about comprehensible input is that it's not just about learning new things.
It's about repeating the same words that you already know in enough situations that it really sinks into that like language center in your brain.
Anyway, off we go, this next section is quite a bit longer, but it explains a lot.
There has been a war going on for the last 40 years between two hypotheses,
two views of the way we acquire language and develop literacy.
The hypothesis, I think, is right, is the comprehension hypothesis.
And the comprehension hypothesis says we acquire language and we develop literacy in one way and only one way when we understand messages,
when we understand what people tell us, or what we do.
read, we call this comprehensible input.
You hear interesting stories.
You have interesting conversations.
You read books.
The result of this are the so-called skills, grammar, vocabulary, etcetera.
So the causality goes in this direction.
The rival hypothesis, we call it skill building, says the causality goes in the other direction.
So you do conscious learning first of vocabulary grammar.
Then...
practice the new rules in output.
You produce them.
And idea is if you do that enough over and over, gradually it will become automatic.
So I'm going to pause it right here where he's talking about the practice part of things.
It reminds me of when I was learning Spanish on Duolingo.
A lot of Duolingo, I think, is actually closer to comprehensible input than it is this skill building approach that he's talking about.
They're not just having you memorize words.
They're having you repetitively I think this is why it actually was somewhat useful for me back to the video.
The causality is reversed, a profound difference.
The problem is, with skill building, that automatic use of language never comes.
It's a delayed gratification hypothesis.
Work hard.
Someday you'll be able to use the language.
the gratification never comes.
In my opinion, there is not a single human being on this planet who has ever acquired language this way.
Also, comprehensible input is a lot more fun.
In fact, if input is not interesting, no one's going to pay attention to it.
So, comprehensible input is win-win.
In my opinion, it's pleasant and it works.
Skill building is lose, lose.
It isn't very pleasant and it doesn't work so a clip that I didn't actually is it
There's a later part in the talk where he does actually say that for adults.
There is something like He came up with something like a 5%
gain from skill building on top of
comprehensible input but the vast majority the absolute vast majority of your gains came from comprehensible input and that makes sense.
Let's go see Mr.
Krashen and his younger years.
Acquisition, I've described as a subconscious process, and subconscious really means two things.
Means first of all, while you're acquiring, you don't always know you're acquiring.
I'm going to stop it.
That is something that was really important for me to learn.
because it is hard for me as a language learner to step back and just do the process without
evaluating myself to see if I think I've learned anything.
And what he's saying right here is that you don't always know when you've learned something, but if you go through the process, it'll work.
It goes on below your level of awareness.
For example, you're reading a book.
You're listening to a conversation, you're listening to a presentation such as this one.
You are of course listening to the presentation, you are reading the book, but without realizing it at the same time you might be acquiring.
Second, once you're finished acquiring, you're not always aware that anything has happened.
A good demonstration of this is the universal experience we've had.
mistake in our own language.
Now, when you hear someone make a mistake in your own language, very rarely can you tell exactly what rule was broken.
Instead, I have a feeling that something is wrong, but I can't quite put my finger on it.
That feeling for correctness, that feeling for language, is what we call language acquisition.
The ability to consciously pick up language does not disappear when you're at your school.
It does not disappear when you become a teenager.
It doesn't disappear when you get older.
It's with us forever.
We think the language acquisition device never shall.
Guys okay so.
that's huge for those of us that are not that young anymore.
I'm not gonna see exactly how old I am but I'm not young.
There's so much stuff out there that's like oh it's so easy for kids and you know
If you didn't learn it when you're a kid or if you don't have X amount of hours or whatever or you're getting older that it's going to be hard and if you go back to
what he said earlier in the video about confidence and things like that the fact is if you don't really believe that you can become fluent in your language.
you probably can't.
It's probably a self-fulfilling prophecy.
So him say this was actually very, very impactful for me.
Very different from acquisition is what we call learning.
That's what most of us did in school.
Learning is knowing about language.
Conscious knowledge of language.
In English public schools, for example, we learned that a noun is the name of a person placed thing or idea.
We learned that the subject and the verb are supposed to agree.
This is conscious language.
Language acquisition and language learning are very, very different.
In fact, I think very different psychological processes are involved.
Of two, acquisition and learning, the research has been telling me that acquisition is far more important.
Here's how we think they interrelate.
We're about to say something in another language.
And it's easy to see in a language.
You speak very well.
You can put yourself in that position When you come out with a sentence easily it comes from what you've acquired
Not from what you've learned.
Oh, I guess that is so true There are so many times when I have tried to memorize things and then go out into the world and actually
Have the conversation that I have memorized and it never works.
The only time I have functional Spanish is when my subconscious supplies it and I don't even know if I'm say it right.
Sometimes I feel like I sometimes I feel like I'm making words up but oddly enough when that happens people will understand me just fine.
So yeah,
there's there's really something to that that acquisition versus the learning thing The evidence for this briefly
Studies showing the universality of a silent period especially an informal language
acquisition Studies showing that if we increase output we make students write more and speak more.
It does not mean more language development Okay, pausing it here.
So just so you know,
he's talking about language fluency right now so the first point he made being
That there is always a of silence like universally whether you're talking about a child or somebody learning a language or
whatever There's always a of silence where there is learning,
but there's no speaking Also, the observation that language acquisition can occur without any output at all, and increasing input increases the quality of output.
Finally, forcing output in language classes, making students talk before they're ready, is a cause of considerable anxiety.
I first...
That goes back to the anxiety block that he talked about in a previous clip, which was also him like 20 years ago.
That's the optimal input years ago.
And the concept has been deepened and improved by Benico Mason.
We've concluded that optimal input has these four characteristics.
Okay, so he's getting into optimal input now, and that was one of the really big questions
I had when I started looking up videos on comprehensible input by Dr.
Krashen, because I wanted to make sure that I was finding the right stuff.
the right reading or listening or,
you know,
the right stuff for my level so that I can actually benefit from from doing this as much as I as much as I can.
And so he's going to talk about that now.
But I just want to say that's it's a very important thing to consider.
Number one, of course it's comprehensible.
This doesn't mean every detail is comprehensible.
Input can be input, can be comprehensible, even if there's a little noise in the input, some incomprehensible pieces.
This includes unknown vocabulary and grammar, rules that have not yet been acquired, but are not important for comprehension.
Number optimal input is extremely interesting, very interesting.
Compelling input is so interesting, you temporarily forget that it's in another language.
If input is comprehensible and compelling, you won't even notice the noise in the input most likely.
it's hard to find input that fits even these first two criteria.
I'll link to my chat GPT thing in the description.
The next characteristic.
Optimal input is rich.
The language included in the image also gives the reader support in understanding and therefore acquiring new parts of language.
Big point.
It is not necessary to make sure that certain grammar and vocabulary is there in the input.
That's actually a pretty interesting point.
I think it's more designed for like language teachers and not teachers,
but maybe some of us are worried about that when we go looking for input,
just questioning whether certain ideas are in their certain grammar concepts or vocabulary is in there.
What he's saying there is it's not necessary to do that.
Read the things that most interests you and do the best for you.
listening to stories, stories that are made comprehensible in a variety of ways.
For example, drawing pictures, occasional translation.
explanations.
This is called story listening,
developed by Benico Mason,
we think it's a very powerful way,
a very pleasant way to lead students to another form of optimal input,
the second form I'll discuss, and that is reading, which has been my obsession for several decades now.
Professor Mason recommends providing large amounts of easy written input.
In her English classes in Japan, she provides students with access to hundreds of books in sometimes called graded readers.
These books give students the competence they need to read and understand authentic reading.
The language is I'm good at, I've had lots of easy reading.
The language is I'm not good at, I haven't had lots of easy reading, it isn't available.
So, yeah, so obviously he's a huge proponent of reading, and I can see it.
I've been doing a lot of reading lately,
again, the little chat GPT toy that I have, as well as a bunch of short story books and things I bought from Amazon.
But, at some point in time...
feel like I need to graduate to Netflix.
And so I don't know.
I don't know how what he's saying actually translates into audiobooks and movies and cartoons and anime and all of that stuff.
I'm kind of personally drawing the line at the at the core concept that the of comprehension.
My current strategy on that is to continue reading as close to my level as possible without adding too much new and grow that to a point
that I can begin watching shows on Netflix with more limited vocabulary and straightforward sentence structure.
That's my strategy, based on what I've learned here.
Anyway, I'll finish out the video.
Let's go.
Okay, popular ways of acquiring second languages only work if they contain large amounts of optimal input.
A good example, immersion, a very problematic term.
This means in general living in the country where the language is spoken.
Immersion may contain a great deal of optimal input.
I've had this experience, deep friendships with interesting people, interesting conversations, finding lots of good things to read.
Or it may fail, it may contain a lot of non-optimal input situation.
I'm in a lot where I have a working knowledge of the language.
I have lots of superficial conversations not much real acquisition happens.
Holy moly, this is the first time I've heard anybody else talk about this.
Listen, I've been living outside of my home country now for a couple of years now.
I've been in Argentina, I've been in Mexico, I've been I've been all over the world.
And I haven't really felt that much language acquisition happen from my immersion.
And I think that's because my skill levels too low to have real conversations.
since it's exactly what he's talking about right now.
I to me,
I just,
I was like, man, maybe I'm just, maybe I'm just dumb because people talk about immersion all the time about how great it is.
I'm man, I should speak Spanish by now for sure.
But the truth is, I know how to get by very well.
I know how to buy things at the grocery store.
I know how to do very functional things to pull up and get gasoline at the gas station.
And you know, just super basic stuff and get through the airport.
But I don't really interact that much outside of that and not in deep interesting ways that would satisfy the criteria for comprehensible input.
Yeah, this is exactly why being in Spanish-speaking countries doesn't necessarily equate to eventually learning the language, which is unfortunate for me because...
I had kind of hoped it would,
which is why I didn't put more effort into it before I have,
before recently, because I kind of just thought I would pick it up over time, but that has not been the truth.
So, this is good stuff.
Third, Dio, we're pursuing.
When hypothesis, when acquirers obtain optimal input, Given the right conditions, optimal input, we are all gifted language acquires, nobody's any better than anyone else.
So that last bit, that part is like, that is again really important.
The truth is, when people are supplied with optimal input in similar quantities, they perform pretty equally.
We all talk pretty well as well as each other.
Maybe somebody speaks a little bit better than you as an average adult, but also we all communicate just fine.
The difference is very small.
And just knowing that and just having somebody come out and say it is kind of empowering to the language learner to say,
okay, let's take away the excuses, let's take away the negative thoughts, and let's just get down to the business.
learning my language and that's just pretty cool and Stephen Krashen is a pretty cool guy and
We'll just finish up on this last little clip from him He was talking to someone in French someone in German.
He would speak to us in English I thought that was the coolest thing I had ever seen
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