How can we make better batteries? | Dr. Shirley Meng | TEDxChicago - Legendas Bilíngues
Thank you very Do we want an energy transition that removes energy from the climate change conversation?
Yes.
Well, even if some of you do not care about that, do we want an energy transition that reduces the electricity price dramatically?
Do we want an energy transition that moves us towards energy independence?
If electrification everywhere with electricity sourced from solar, wind and other renewables requires energy storage.
And batteries hold the key to unlocking this sustainable future and to making this transition happen.
We need batteries, a lot of them.
Today, the batteries, lithium ion batteries, that are powering your phones and your laptops and some of them.
The world production is barely over one terawatt hour per year.
And we need to do this ten times more and faster.
To help you understand what one terawatt hour means,
the United States requires us to produce one terawatt hour to keep the country running for one single hour.
to accomplish the mission for deep decarbonization of our economy, we will need a few hundred terawatt-hour of batteries.
Today, we only accomplished one percent of what we need.
And this is the massive gap.
And we must fill this gap in less than a decade.
This is unprecedented in our history.
However, I'm going to showcase today the case for hope.
It can be done.
The few hundred terawatt-hour is what we call the and comes down to critical factors that our rapidly expanding needs.
First, our massive growing love for electric cars.
And second, our shifting global renewable energy grid.
Electrification.
Especially the electrification of vehicles is gaining momentum.
The electric vehicles are truly affordable and reliable means of transportation today.
2023 will be the first year more than 1 million electric cars are sold in the United States.
That is about 6.5% of the total 16 million cars sold in this country.
Globally, we're expecting by 2050 there will be 1.5 billion cars in the world.
Clearly, we need 10 times more batteries to replace all the internal combustion engine cars.
Transportation is responsible for one-third of the carbon dioxide emission in the United States.
We estimate globally we need about 150 terawatt-hour batteries to meet the
future demand of transportation and as I said right now we're barely over two terawatt-hour.
This is a massive gap to fill.
The batteries that use in electric cars.
that the EV's success will rely on the advancement of the batteries.
We have to store more energy in the batteries without sacrificing safety or cost.
So imagine the batteries that we need in the next decade.
We would like to have the batteries and we must have batteries that allow us to have 500 miles driving range per charge,
or charge it really fast within 5 to 6 minutes, and having a longer lifetime.
battery life will be longer than the parts of the EV and those batteries will be repurposed or recycled.
Achieving these breakthroughs will accelerate the adoption of the electric cars and revolutionize the way we travel.
So, first the scaling problem is done.
Let's now move towards it.
grid-scale energy storage.
We know wind and solar, those renewable energies provide us clean and virtually limitless source of energy for all of us.
the intermittent nature of these sources imposes a challenge.
Right now, we use energy as it is produced with no way to store the electricity outside our personal devices.
And that is a big problem for renewable energy.
Wind and solar only produce electricity when wind is blowing or when the sun is brightly shining.
And that may not be the time when we need energy most.
So the simple idea, you would say, why don't you plug the batteries into these sources?
Store the energy in preparation where you need the most.
Great idea,
but as you are likely guessing,
we really don't have such battery technologies that will allow us to do this truly at scale, at speed, at cost, and reliably.
To achieve widespread of the use of renewable energies, humanity will require a few hundred terawatt our additional battery capacities.
We can reduce this gap if we successfully develop the green hydrogen technology at least.
or if we can implement advanced nuclear energy in a timely manner.
But one thing for sure is that we will need to scale energy storage fast.
Our recent innovations in lithium ion batteries have prepared ours into an where batteries are becoming increasingly more reliable, more efficient, and more environmentally friendly.
But I think lithium ion batteries itself will not close the skating gap in the next decade.
So, at the first glance...
But seems like impossible to do, it seems like we need a little bit of magic, right?
So before I tell you, indeed, how indeed we can do it, let me tell you a personal story.
My late father was a civil engineer who specializes in building hydroelectric dam back in China in 1980s.
I was fascinated by the renewable nature between water and electricity when my father explained to me how it works.
offers one sixth of the world energy.
I have my dad to thank as the first mentor of my life who showed me how magical renewable energies are.
Once we crack the hard problems of energy storage,
other renewable sources like solar, and wind will achieve much larger scale than what is offered by hydroelectricity.
So I have spent my career working on what appears to be magic with some of the latest exciting new battery chemistries.
I don't know what all of you dream about it.
I dream about matter-iron interactions so that I can store as much winged solar power as possible.
To me, that's the magic that is needed for the battery of the future.
Today, I'm going to tell you a little bit of the magic that's coming out from my group.
that may give us the batteries that we need to close the skilling gap
and to have it in a short time that we will need them.
Our group at the University of Chicago and the Argonne National Laboratory are working on the magic of new battery chemistries such as sodium batteries,
metal batteries,
and solid-state batteries that will allow us to have more powerful batteries that are smaller,
lighter, that can be charged within minutes and built with abundant materials that are completely recyclable.
From Adam's But we treat batteries as a complex living system.
In fact, batteries are like human bodies.
Its depends on the elements and the components of the system.
A doctor seeks to prolong human life.
As the doctor for batteries, that's what we do.
We hope to prolong battery lives.
We exam the battery materials before, during, and after use.
We actually have very fancy machines.
This is called Advanced Photon Source.
Basically a fancy x-ray machine.
that allows us to gain atomic level understanding of batteries so that we can effectively design better ones.
And we can find ways to prolong the battery life
just like how doctors give you a diagnosis and treatment after looking at the blood test results if you're sick.
Doctors also aims to help you to achieve a more active and meaningful life, so we always have to keep improving batteries.
My group holds one of the most advanced electron microscopes, actually one of its kind in this nation.
that will help us to decipher the secret of how materials can store
more energies thus will allowing us to double or triple the energy density of tomorrow's batteries allowing you to store more energy.
Great health care should also be affordable and accessible by everyone.
Battery materials have to be the same.
Our group is at the forefront of developing sodium battery technologies.
Sodium, unlike lithium, is widely abundantly available in the United States.
And the batteries made with those do not require any critical elements such as lithium, cobalt, or copper.
And to scale sodium batteries to kilowatt-hour, we can leverage the existing infrastructure designed and built for lithium ion batteries.
including the gigawatt-scale factories.
Today, sodium batteries still has a shorter lifespan compared to the lithium-ion batteries, but we are seeing improvements every day.
There you have it.
You're at home battery storage.
your refrigerator for electrons.
Imagine you walk into a house in one of the rooms,
you have this box that half the size of the refrigerator is pretty cool, small, quiet, and room.
can be charged within minutes and is completely recyclable and more importantly
it will allow you to run your whole house off the grid for seven days without recharging from the grid.
This is the future our It is not a dream.
It the reality that we are working on.
Such batteries will empower individuals and the communities to achieve energy independence.
reducing our reliance on traditional power grid and enable a true democratization of energy.
This one, a few hundred terawatt-hour gap of battery storage is going to be very, very costly.
We estimate more than ten trillion dollars.
of manufacturing investment will be needed globally.
However, if we invest $1 trillion per year for the next decade, we are investing 1% of our economy to fill this gap.
And, This investment will ultimately save more than it will cost.
So, I stand in front of you today to make a pledge.
We will keep innovating in cutting-edge battery technologies,
discovering new chemistry,
Inventing new green manufacturing processes,
I promise you, you are going to see an incredible transformation of the variety and the ubiquity of batteries in your daily life.
We must inspire and train the next generation.
to make this transformation happen faster.
Just as I asked the hundreds of my students and the postdocs, we must ask the rising generation of scientists and innovators this.
Keep innovating.
Keep collaborating.
Keep running a good race for better batteries.
don't pause until we reach the end of the destination.
That is a world where renewables powers our lives,
where sustainability is the foundation of our existence and where we can pass on a healthier, more prosperous planet to future generations.
We have only one planet of Earth.
It is our responsibility to protect it.
Thank you all.
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